Nanoparticle production has attracted attention because of its unique properties and broad variety of applications in environmental cleanup, materials research, and medicine. Due to its magnetic qualities, biocompatibility, and potential for application in biomedicine, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O₄) are highly prized among them. Traditional synthesis methods, however, often involve toxic chemicals and harsh conditions. This study explores a green synthesis approach using leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle), an alkaloidal and bioactive compound-rich medicinal plant that acts as a natural maintaining and decreasing agent. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized under varying conditions of extract concentration, temperature, and pH to optimize the process. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed for characterization, confirming the production of unique, functionalized nanoparticles. The agar well dispersion technique was used to evaluate the produced Fe3O₄ nanoparticles' antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Significant antibacterial activity was shown by the results, and all tested strains showed distinct zones of inhibition. These results demonstrate the potential of Fe3O₄ nanoparticles mediated by C.roseus as environmentally benign antibacterial agents that may be used in environmental and biomedical settings. This green synthesis method provides a sustainable substitute for the traditional manufacturing of nanoparticles.
