Tomato Traits Improvement for Multi-Circle Hydroponics with Target Hybridization
Balashova I.T.*, Sirota S.M., Pinchuk E.V.
Abstract
The effectiveness of target hybridization techniques was evaluated in this paper. Productive maternal plants with larger-sized fruits and early ripening dwarf paternal plants were involved in the target crossings. F1 hybrids and their F2 progeny resulted from the self-pollination of F1 plants were produced. Tall plants and dwarf plants of the F2 population segregated strictly by Mendel’s low (3:1). With help of dispersion analysis six parental forms and three hybrids, we selected the more productive plants with large fruit sizes among the dwarf plants, then obtained the seed progeny of these selected plants and studied the heritability dwarfism and large fruit size, in F3 hybrids. It was confirmed that crossing between tall maternal forms with large fruit size and dwarf early ripening paternal forms leads to a reduction in plant height to the dwarf father. These traits were maintained in F3. Therefore, the dwarfism of Solanum Lycopersicum L., which is needed for multi-circle hydroponic technology, is inherited from the parental type, and the fruit weigh is inherited from the maternal type. To obtain new tomato forms for multi-circle hydroponics, maternal plants with large fruit and dwarf paternal forms must be crossed.
Keywords: tomato, breeding, heritability, dwarf-trait, mass of 1 fruit-trait.
Introduction
Multi-circle hydroponic technology (MHT) is a new modular technology of vertical farming, which allows using the vertical area of the greenhouse and to save energy as many other studies, water, and nutrient resources (Chakeri, et al., 2018; Lashgary, et al., 2019; Rashid, et al., 2018; Gull & Kausar, 2019). The market of vertical farming in the world can be characterized as capacious and fast-growing (Global Industry Report, 2014-2025; http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/, 2017). But in the Russian Federation, this market is still developing. The main vegetable crops are not represented in it. Using the sporophyte selection, we obtained the new varieties of dwarf tomato Natasha (with red fruits) and Timosha (with yellow fruits) special for MHT in 2017 (Balashova et al., 2019).
But the fruits of these varieties are small because dwarf-genes controlling the height of the plant are influenced by the mass of the fruit, and recessive alleles control the small size of the fruit (http://solgenomics.net/locus/428/view). In previous articles we have shown that the trait “average mass of a fruit" in Solanum Lycopersicum L. can be inherited from the maternal type and the trait “height of the stem” can be inherited from the paternal type (Balashova et al., 2014; Balashova et al., 2016). Therefore, we selected 9 maternal forms with good productivity and large fruits and 7 paternal dwarf early ripening forms from the working collection (about 1500 samples).
The main purpose of our study is to obtain new forms of tomato with the largest fruits in combination with low stem for multi-circle hydroponic technology.
Materials and methods
Materials of our study were 3 high productive maternal forms with large fruits (Table 1) and 3 dwarf early-ripening paternal forms (Table 2) which were used to cross them.
Table 1.Maternal forms characteristics for target hybridization. Polycarbonate greenhouse “Richel” (France). FSVC. 2010-2011
|
№ |
Name of maternal forms |
Productivity of a plant, gram, |
Mass of a fruit, gram, |
Number of fruits on the plant, |
Plant height, cm, |
Period “sprouts – mature fruits”, days, |
|||||
|
Forms with small fruits (as “cherry”) |
|||||||||||
|
1 |
St - Funtik |
221 |
St |
53 |
St |
4 |
St |
46 |
St |
110 |
St |
|
2 |
Мо 411 |
614 |
+ 393 |
16 |
- 37 |
34 |
+ 30 |
91 |
+45 |
106 |
- 4 |
|
Forms with large fruits |
|||||||||||
|
3 |
1С |
846 |
+ 625 |
79 |
+ 26 |
11 |
+ 7 |
75 |
+29 |
96 |
- 14 |
|
4 |
Кrainyi Sever |
842 |
+ 621 |
95 |
+ 42 |
9 |
+ 5 |
88 |
+42 |
108 |
- 2 |
|
LSD05 |
129 |
LSD05 |
16 |
LSD05 |
3 |
LSD05 |
16 |
LSD05 |
7 |
||
Table 2. The paternal forms the characteristics of the target hybridization. Polycarbonate greenhouse “Richel” (France). FSVC. 2011-2012
|
№ |
Name of paternal forms |
Plant height, cm, |
Period “sprouts – mature fruits”, days, |
Productivity of a plant, gram, |
Mass of a fruit, gram, |
Number of fruits on the plant, |
|||||
|
Forms with small fruits (as “cherry”) |
|||||||||||
|
1 |
St - Funtik |
46 |
St |
110 |
St |
221 |
St |
53 |
St |
4 |
St |
|
2 |
Komnatnyi |
33 |
- 13 |
108 |
- 2 |
292,2 |
+ 71,2 |
19 |
- 34 |
20 |
+16 |
|
3 |
3С |
42 |
- 4 |
103 |
- 7 |
248,6 |
+ 27,6 |
11 |
- 42 |
21 |
+ 17 |
|
4 |
10C |
36 |
- 10 |
105 |
- 5 |
303,8 |
+ 82,8 |
12 |
- 41 |
21 |
+ 17 |
|
LSD05 |
16 |
LSD05 |
7 |
LSD05 |
76 |
LSD05 |
12 |
LSD05 |
10 |
||
Maternal forms with large fruits and dwarf early-ripening paternal forms were crossed using the target hybridization technique. F1- progenies were obtained. Then F2 –progenies were obtained from the self-pollination of F1-progenies. F2 –progenies were divided strictly according to Mendel law: 3 portions of high plants and 1 portion of low (dwarf) plants. We selected dwarf plants from each combination. We selected early ripening plants with large fruits and good productivity among dwarf plants. Then F3 –progenies were obtained from the self-pollination of these plants. We evaluated the effect of target hybridization on F3 –progeny using dispersion analysis (Dospekhov, 1985).
Results and Discussion
The effectiveness of target hybridization was evaluated in F3 –the progeny of 3 F1-hybrid combinations: ♀ Мо 411 x ♂3С, ♀ 1C x ♂10С, ♀ Krainyi Sever x ♂ Komnatnyi. Plants of all selected maternal forms were highly productive, 1C and Krainyi Sever plants had large fruits (Table 1). Plants of all selected paternal forms were dwarfing and early-ripening. First of all, we evaluated inheritance, stem dwarfism. The results of the dispersion analysis show that the plant height in the F3 –progeny is maintained at the level of the dwarf parental form (Table 3). Therefore, we confirmed the correction of our proposal regarding the inheritance tomato trait “the height of the plant” on the paternal type.
Table 3: Lowering the height of the tomato plant led to the hybridization of thetarget. Polycarbonate greenhouse “Richel” (France). FSVC. 2013
|
Parental forms and F3 |
The height of the plant, by repetitions, cm |
, cm |
|||||||||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
IX |
X |
||
|
First combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ Мо 411 |
95 |
90 |
93 |
90 |
88 |
92 |
90 |
90 |
93 |
95 |
91.6 |
|
♂ 3С |
38 |
33 |
35 |
35 |
35 |
33 |
35 |
38 |
35 |
37 |
35.4 |
|
F3 ♀Мо411 x ♂3С |
33 |
37 |
33 |
38 |
35 |
32 |
30 |
37 |
35 |
30 |
34.0 |
|
LSD05 |
2.5 |
||||||||||
|
Second combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ 1C |
53 |
57 |
57 |
55 |
55 |
60 |
50 |
55 |
53 |
53 |
54.8 |
|
♂ 10С |
37 |
35 |
37 |
32 |
38 |
40 |
33 |
37 |
45 |
37 |
37.1 |
|
F3 ♀1C x ♂10 С |
43 |
40 |
38 |
37 |
42 |
38 |
40 |
38 |
37 |
32 |
38.5 |
|
LSD05 |
4.3 |
||||||||||
|
Third combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ Krainyi Sever |
58 |
50 |
55 |
55 |
58 |
57 |
53 |
55 |
57 |
57 |
55.5 |
|
♂ Komnatnyi |
32 |
28 |
30 |
27 |
28 |
27 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28 |
28.4 |
|
F3♀Krainyi Sever x ♂ Komnatnyi |
18 |
17 |
22 |
15 |
20 |
18 |
22 |
18 |
22 |
17 |
18.9 |
|
LSD05 |
1.7 |
||||||||||
Second, the main trait of plant productivity “the mass of a fruit” is evaluated in the parental forms and F3 –progenies. The results of the dispersion analysis show that the mass of a fruit is significantly increased (Table 4). But it was only in those cases thatmaternal forms with large size fruits and dwarf paternal forms were used in the target crossings. Maternal forms with good productivity, but with small- size fruits give small size fruit-progenies (Table 4 – first combination).
Table 4: Increasing the mass of a tomato fruit resulted in a target hybridization. Polycarbonate greenhouse “Richel” (France). FSVC. 2013
|
Parental forms and F3 |
The mass of a tomato fruit, by repetitions, g |
, g |
|||||||||
|
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
VI |
VII |
VIII |
IX |
X |
||
|
First combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ Мо 411 |
14 |
18 |
12 |
15 |
12 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
13 |
17 |
14.9 |
|
♂ 3С |
10 |
12 |
8 |
10 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
11 |
8 |
10 |
10.1 |
|
F3 ♀Мо411 x ♂3С |
9 |
10 |
9 |
9 |
9 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
9 |
8 |
8.7 |
|
LSD05 |
0.98 |
||||||||||
|
Second combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ 1C |
74 |
84 |
77 |
84 |
74 |
71 |
84 |
79 |
88 |
84 |
79.9 |
|
♂ 10С |
9 |
10 |
8 |
10 |
11 |
11 |
8 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
9.8 |
|
F3 ♀1C x ♂10 С |
18 |
14 |
19 |
16 |
22 |
21 |
18 |
14 |
16 |
18 |
17.6 |
|
LSD05 |
3.7 |
||||||||||
|
Third combination |
|||||||||||
|
♀ Krainyi Sever |
27 |
48 |
37 |
46 |
50 |
46 |
38 |
26 |
56 |
50 |
42.3 |
|
♂ Komnatnyi |
7 |
8 |
7 |
9 |
10 |
7 |
8 |
6 |
10 |
9 |
8.1 |
|
F3♀Krainyi Sever x ♂ Komnatnyi |
17 |
16 |
14 |
16 |
14 |
18 |
12 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
14.9 |
|
LSD05 |
1.5 |
||||||||||
Therefore, the results of our evaluation confirmed that the hybridization strategy was correct: the plant height was reduced to the level of the “dwarf” paternal form. And “the mass of one fruit” increased significantly when we used the maternal form with large fruits in the target hybridization. We are pleased that our conclusion is consistent with the position of some American and Italian researchers, who showed that the quantitative trait locus, which controls the size of the tomato fruit,is located in carpels and forms the ovary on the plant (Frary et al., 2000). As a result of studies, we obtained two new tomato varieties with average fruits by target hybridization named Ognivo and Malenikyi Muk (Figures 1 and 2). They were registered at the State Russian List of Breeding Achievements in 2020.
Figure 1. Tomato variety Ognivo: A – individual plant, B – plants at the multi-circle hydroponics.
Figure 2. Tomato variety Malenikyi Muk: A – individual plant, B – plants at the multi-circle hydroponics.
Conclusion
Classical genetic methods maintain actuality in practice breeding and inheritance and heritability studies as key to commercial crop traits. The genetics of Solanum Lycopersicum L. genetics is well developed, but specific approach is necessary to decide on special breeding tasks. The heritability analysis of the main traits in F1 tomato progeny, conducted from 2009-2011, revealed some regularities for further use in breeding practice. We found for the first time that the main fruit yield parameters of Solanum Lycopersicum L., average fruit weigh (h2 = 0.99) and average fruit number per plant (h2 = 0,96) are inherited from the maternal type (Balashova et al., 2014), and dwarfism (h2 = 0.83) early ripening (h2 = 0.73) are inherited from the paternal type (Balashova et al., 2016). The effectiveness of target hybridization technics was evaluated in this paper. Productive maternal plants with larger-sized fruits and early ripening dwarf paternal plants were involved in the target crossings. F1 hybrids and their F2 progeny are due to the self-pollination of F1 plants were produced. Tall plants and dwarf plants of the F2 population segregated strictly by Mendel’s low (3:1). With help of dispersion analysis of six parental forms and three hybrids, we selected the more productive plants with large fruit size among the dwarf plants, then obtained seed progeny of these selected plants and studied the heritability of two traits, dwarfism, and large fruit size, in the F3 hybrids. It was found out that crossing between tall maternal plants with large fruit size and dwarf early ripening paternal plants leads to a reduction in plant height to the dwarf father.
This trait was maintained in F3 which we had already verified. The heritability of the average fruit weigh on the maternal side also has been confirmed in F3 progeny. In F3 hybrids derived from crossing maternal plants 1C and Krainiy Sever with large fruit size, the average fruit weigh increased two times compared to the parental forms. This trait was maintained in progeny despite the negative effects of d genes on some quantitative characteristics. Therefore, the dwarfism of Solanum Lycopersicum L., which is required for multicircle hydroponic technology, is inherited from the parental type, and the fruit weigh from the maternal type. Thus, to obtain new tomato forms for multi-circle hydroponics, maternal plants with large fruit and dwarf paternal forms must be crossed. Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Academician Alexandr Zhuchenko for his collection of tomato marker mutations and the tomato genetics monograph by Professor Sulukhan Temirbekova and the director of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Professor Alexei Soldatenko, for their support our studies.
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