Introduction: Icterus or jaundice is one of the most common problems in the neonatal period. Non- diagnosis of its pathological type increases the probability icterus, associated with significant morbidity. This research was conducted to evaluate the causes of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, admitted to Shahid Motahari Pediatric Hospital in Urmia. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out on neonates admitted to Shahid Motahari Pediatric Hospital in Urmia and all term neonates hospitalized with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were included into study using simple census sampling method. Information on the age of the neonates, the gender of neonates, the gestational age, the type of neonate nutrition, the birth weight, and the hospitalization, neonates tests including complete blood count (CBC) and total bilirubinemia, unconjugated bilirubinemia and conjugated bilirubinemia during hospitalization and discharge, G6PD (6 phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme glucose), direct coombs test, neonatal and maternal blood group, RH), and tests for hydration including serum sodium, BUN and creatinine were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented in the Mean ± SD form. Results: In this research, 486 patients were evaluated in general. The most common causes of icterus included exacerbated physiological icterus (78.5%) dehydration-induced icterus (10%) and ABO incompatibility (7%) with G6PD enzyme deficiency (2.5%) and RH incompatibility (0.6%) and positive coombs icterus (0.4%). In addition, 274 patients were male (56%) and 212 patients were female (43%). Moreover, 88% of neonates, hospitalized due to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, were breastfed. Conclusion: This research revealed that the most common cause of severe icterus in this area was unknown. ABO incompatibility and glucose 6 phosphate enzyme deficiency were other common causes of severe icterus.
