Possibilities of Students' Health Improvement through Physical Training in the Aquatic Environment
Vladimir Yurevich Karpov, Ilya Nikolaevich Medvedev*, Mikhail Nikonorovich Komarov, Alexander Viktorovich Dorontsev, Elizaveta Sergeevna Kumantsova, Olga Dmitrievna Mikhailova
Abstract
Regular execution of movements while in the aquatic environment, ensuring the swimming process, heals the entire body. As a result of regular swimming, many positive changes occur in human tissues. As a result of systematic swimming training, a functional improvement of all human internal organs occurs. Frequent swimming training improves health and enhances the severity of physical and mental performance. Swimming strengthens the heart, improves vascular function, trains skeletal muscles, activates immunity, stimulates the breathing process, neutralizes most of the effects of stress, and tones all body tissues. Swimming is considered as a dosed physical activity that forms a stable positive emotional background and leads to the recovery of the whole organism. In the central nervous system, during the performance of motor actions in the aquatic environment, a more pronounced intensification of life processes occurs than during the performance of physical exercises on land. This effect is possible due to the stimulation of skin receptors with water. Private swimming training stimulates the autonomic nervous system. Swimming weakens the activity of its sympathetic part and increases the biological capabilities of its parasympathetic component. This contributes to the normalization of peripheral vascular tone, optimizes heart rate, lowers blood pressure, stimulates gas exchange processes, contributing to an increase in oxygen content in the blood, and intensifies metabolism in all cells.
Keywords: Physical training, Water environment, Muscle activity, Organism, Swimming, Student age
Introduction
It is believed that swimming is a versatile and highly physiological type of muscle activity (Chistyakova, 2014; Moubarez et al., 2019; Hanawi et al., 2020; Zavalishina et al., 2021a). As a result of swimming, life processes in all organs are normalized (Karpov et al., 2021a). It enhances the capabilities of the heart muscle, optimizes vascular tone, hypertrophies muscles, enhances the immune system, activates respiration, reduces stress in the body (Bespalov et al., 2018), and eliminates emotional stress (Zavalishina, 2020a). In the case of an increased tone of the nervous system, swimming relaxes, and in the case of asthenia, it tones the body (Glagoleva et al., 2018). For this reason, swimming is a very effective form of physical activity, which improves the emotional state and seriously stimulates all internal organs (Kotova et al., 2017).
It is now recognized that swimming is quite accessible to everyone in any health condition and at any age (Karpov et al., 2021b; Zavalishina et al., 2021b). Systematic swimming training, even for a short duration, is very effective in preventing any pathology and helping to treat any somatic and nervous diseases (Zavalishina, 2018a; Zavalishina et al., 2021c).
When comparing the effectiveness of swimming with other types of aerobic training conducted in the air, it demonstrates the strongest stimulating effect (Vasiliev et al., 2015; Zavalishina, 2020b). During the process of swimming as an external environment for the body, water provides it with twice as strong resistance for the implementation of movements than in the air. This is the basis for the general stimulation of the activity of the entire human body during swimming (Kazyzaeva, 2015).
Under conditions of immersion in the aquatic environment, a person experiences a series of sensations, largely similar to those in weightlessness. This is because the density of water is higher than that of air (Vasiliev et al., 2015). This contributes to the achievement of a relaxed state in water, similar to the state in zero gravity.
The study aimed to examine the effects of swimming on the human body at college age.
Materials and Methods
Publicly available scientific sources of information became the material for the research performed. Scientific search in the course of the study was carried out in the database of the Russian scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU and the scientific database Scopus. The research methods in this work were methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of induction and deduction, and the method of statistical data processing using traditional statistical programs.
Results and Discussion
In the process of swimming training in the body, the mechanisms that provide hardening are activated. This stimulates processes that increase the body's resistance to adverse influences from the external environment of a physical and biological nature. For this reason, feasible swimming loads are very useful for people with weakened immunity, often suffering from infectious diseases (Kireeva & Rasskazov, 2018).
Taking into account the previous observations, swimming should be considered a very effective health-improving form of physical activity (Skoryatina & Zavalishina, 2017). Even when a person is in cool water, stimulation of life processes in all internal organs develops. Respiratory processes are very actively intensified, the pulse rate rises, and the course of metabolic processes intensifies (Figure 1) (Makurina et al., 2020).
Swimming regularly enhances functional processes throughout the body. They activate the respiratory muscles, make the chest more mobile, increase the vital capacity of the lungs and stimulate their ventilation (Zavalishina et al., 2018). These changes stimulate the entire respiratory system to work. Under these conditions, swimming reduces the gravitational effect on the spine and spinal cord. There comes a strengthening of the muscles supporting the spine, normalizing the state of posture (Vorobyeva et al., 2020). Due to the stimulation of the skin receptors by the aqueous medium, the functioning of the brain is activated with the elimination of the phenomena of fatigue and the appearance of a feeling of vigor (Kazyzaeva, 2015; Zavalishina, 2020c). Hydromassage of the body surface during swimming stimulates the autonomic nervous system. Against this background, there is an increase in the body's resistance to the effect of low temperatures on it (Vasiliev et al., 2015; Vorobyeva et al., 2018a).
|
|
|
Figure 1. Beginning of swimming lessons https://files.pravda-nn.ru/2021/03/Estafeta-plovtsy-1200x801.jpg |
Swimming lessons have a positive effect on the work of the cerebral cortex (Zavalishina, 2020d). Swimming in any type of water sport enhances synapse formation and stimulates neurons in all parts of the brain. At the same time, blood supply improves in the cerebral cortex, a functional balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition is achieved. During swimming, a feeling of weightlessness develops, which has a positive effect on thought processes and a positive effect on the emotional state (Yakub & Motorykina, 2018).
Swimming training can quickly eliminate asthenia, insomnia, and fatigue. Frequent swimming exercises increase memory capacity, stabilize attention, optimize mood, reduce irritability and help eliminate the feeling of fatigue (Vorobyeva et al., 2018b; Skripleva et al., 2018). Swimming loads lead to stimulation of adaptive processes in all internal organs. Due to this, the degree of resistance of the vital organs of the body to the action of low temperatures increases. Swimming stimulates non-specific anti-infective immunity (Vorobyeva et al., 2018c; Kamilova, 2019).
The effect of water on the skin reduces nervous tension in any condition (Sungurova et al., 2018; Fayzullina et al., 2020). Swimming exercises normalize the thinking processes in people, especially with various brain diseases, increases the efficiency of memory, and enhances attention (Glamazdin et al., 2018). Swimming has a strong therapeutic effect on the body in asthenia, malnutrition, and after injuries (Panova et al., 2017).
Swimming is very effective in preventing organ diseases, nervous dysfunctions, and the progression of degenerative processes in organs. Swimming exercises improve visual acuity and strengthen the general tone of the body (Tkacheva & Zavalishina, 2018a).
In the case of dysfunctions in the cardiovascular system, swimming is especially useful. In these patients, swimming activates the heart muscle and stimulates its metabolism (Boldov et al., 2018; Zavalishina, 2018b). During swimming, the heart muscle quickly strengthens, and the tone of its vessels is normalized. This provides an optimum supply of oxygen and nutrients to cardiomyocytes (Karpov et al., 2018). Due to this, during swimming in cardiac patients, the whole organism is stimulated (Tkacheva & Zavalishina, 2018b).
As a result of swimming, the statistical tension of the muscles of the body is quickly eliminated, which is important for maintaining an upright body position. This greatly facilitates the work of the trunk muscles (Zavalishina, 2018c). The effect of water on the surface of the human body during swimming increases blood circulation from the capillaries to the heart. This is facilitated by rhythmic contractions of the limb muscles during swimming. They stimulate the return of blood to the heart (Stepanova et al., 2018). This situation provides an optimal distribution of blood in the body horizontally and not vertically. This greatly facilitates the movement of blood from capillaries into venous vessels. The emerging situation facilitates the entire process of blood circulation in the body. When the body is in a watery environment, the heart can pump much more blood. This is largely due to the water temperature, which is lower than body temperature. This difference enhances and accelerates the return of blood from small vessels to large venous vessels and into the heart cavity (Figure 2) (Tkacheva & Zavalishina, 2018c).
|
|
|
Figure 2. The process of swimming lessons https://www.botasot.info/media/botasot.info/images/2019/July/17/auto_not-587x3721563343724.jpg |
In those who swim for a long time, the myocardium is very hardy. Outside of physical activity, their heartbeats no more than 60 times in one minute. At the same time, it works much less and rests for a long time. In addition, swimmers' hearts consume more oxygen and essential nutrients. A trained swimmer's heart works much more economical compared to an untrained person. The high power of the heart contraction increases the general functional characteristics of the entire system of the heart and blood vessels. This economization of the work of the heart and blood vessels is possible not only in conditions of physical rest. In the process of swimming, the process of hemodynamics in athletes is very economical (Kamilova, 2021).
Systematic swimming loads also have a positive effect on the tone of arterial vessels. They increase their elasticity, enhance trophism in the vascular walls and activate regeneration mechanisms. The resulting situation inhibits the flow of cholesterol into the walls of the arteries. In those who swim for a long time, the lumen of the vessels is significantly larger than in untrained people (Zavalishina, 2018d). In this regard, frequent swimming leads to a stable normalization of blood pressure at any age.
Conclusion
As a result of regular swimming training, health is significantly improved, and overall performance increases. Swimming stimulates the work of the heart and dilates blood vessels, trains skeletal muscles, activates immunity, enhances respiration, reduces stress manifestations, and tones up internal organs. Swimming creates a stable positive emotional background, contributing to overall health. The effect of regular execution of ordered movements in an aquatic environment significantly exceeds the effect of physical exercise in an air environment. Regular swimming training intensifies the work of the whole body. This is largely possible due to the situation of the processes of neuroendocrine regulation of internal organs and the activation of metabolism in all tissues.
Acknowledgments: The team of authors thanks the administration of the Astrakhan State Medical University for the opportunity to research its basis.
Conflict of interest: None
Financial support: The study was conducted at the expense of the authors.
Ethics statement: The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Astrakhan State Medical University on September 16, 2018 (protocol №11).
Bespalov, D. V., Kharitonov, E. L., Zavalishina, S. Y., Mal, G. S., & Makurina, O. N. (2018). Physiological basis for the distribution of functions in the cerebral cortex. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(5), 605-612.
Boldov, A., Karpov, V., & Gusev, A. (2018). Study on the level of physical development and physical fitness in students of university of psychology and education. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 354-366.
Chistyakova, T. V. (2014). The use of synchronized swimming elements in swimming lessons with older preschool children. Science and Education: New Time, 4(4), 806-810.
Fayzullina, I. I., Savchenko, D. V., Makurina, O. N., Mal, G. S., Kachenkova, E. S., & Lazurina, L. P. (2020). Improving the Level of Socio-Psychological Adaptation in First-Year Students of a Russian University Moscow, Russia. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(3), 1231-1235.
Glagoleva, T. L., Zavalishina, S. Y., Mai, G. S., & Makurina, O. N. (2018). Physiological features of hemo-coagulation in sows during sucking. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(4), 29-33.
Glamazdin, I., Sysoeva, N., Li, E., & Lucay, V. (2018) Analysis of the development of rationalistic model and principles of education at veterinary faculties. In: Proceedings of EDULEARN, 10th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN), 11100-11107.
Hanawi, S. A., Saat, N. Z. M., Zulkafly, M., Hazlenah, H., Taibukahn, N. H., Yoganathan, D., Abdul Rahim, N. N., Mohd Bashid, N. A. A., Abdul Aziz, F. A., & Low, F. J. (2020). Impact of a Healthy Lifestyle on the Psychological Well-being of University Students. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 9(2), 1-7.
Kamilova, M. A. (2019). Types and styles of swimming, rescue measures during swimming. Pedagogical Journal, 9(2-1), 591-596.
Kamilova, M. A. (2021). Types and styles of swimming, rescue measures during swimming. Young Scientist, 5(347), 230-234.
Karpov, V. Y., Pilosyan, N. A., Stepanova, O. N. & Bakulina, E. D. (2018). Physical rehabilitation of preschoolers with cerebral paralysis by means of hippotherapy. In: European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Tomsk Polytechn Univ, Tomsk, RUSSIA. 35: 529-535.
Karpov, V. Y., Zavalishina, S. Y., Bakulina, E. D., Dorontsev, A. V., Gusev, A. V., Fedorova, T. Y., & Okolelova, V. A. (2021b). The physiological response of the body to low temperatures. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(1), 27-31. doi:10.51847/m1aah69aPr
Karpov, V. Y., Zavalishina, S. Y., Marinina, N. N., Skorosov, K. K., Kumantsova, E. S., & Belyakova, E. V. (2021a). Possibilities of regular physical culture lessons in restoring the functional status of students. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(2), 62-66. https://jbiochemtech.com/wDCYQLtIxh
Kazyzaeva, A. S. (2015). Application of the game method in swimming lessons in groups of primary swimming training. Questions of Functional Training in Elite Sports, 3(1), 91-98.
Kireeva, O. V., & Rasskazov, A. V. (2018). Sports swimming. Swimming methods. State of the Art Research and Development, 1(18), 191-192.
Kotova, O. V., SYu, Z., Makurina, O. N., YaV, K., Savchenko, A. P., Skoblikova, T. V., Skripleva, E. V., Zacepin, V. I., Skriplev, A. V., & VYu, A. (2017). Impact estimation of long regular exercise on hemostasis and blood rheological features of patients with incipient hypertension. Bali Medical Journal, 6(3), 514-520. doi:10.15562/bmj.v6i3.552
Makurina, O. N., Faizullina, I. I., Vorobyeva, N. V., & Tkacheva, E. S. (2020). The ability to correct a persons posture with regular exercise. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(3), 1088-1093.
Moubarez, D. A., Mohamed, K. A. E. A., El Din, S. S., Basheer, M. A., & El Baz, A. A. E. R. (2019). Muscle ultrasound in assessment of critical illness neuromyopathy in comparison with nerve conduction. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 9(1), 11-16.
Panova, O. A., Serdyuk, N. V., Glamazdin, I. G., & Zemlyanko, I. I. (2017). Retrospective and prospective studies on helminthiases in bisons of Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Moscow Region, Serpukhov District). Russian Journal of Theriology, 16(2), 149-156.
Skoryatina, I. A., & Zavalishina, S. Y. (2017). Ability to aggregation of basic regular blood elements of patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia receiving non-medication and simvastatin. Bali Medical Journal, 6(3), 521-528. doi:10.15562/bmj.v6i3.553
Skripleva, E. V., Kutafina, N. V., Kiperman, Y. V., Kotova, O. V., Zatsepin, V. I., & Ukolova, G. B. (2018). The effect of metered exercise on platelet activity in adolescents. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(3), 1151-1154.
Stepanova, O. N., Stepanova, D. P., Pirogova, A. A. & Karpov, V. Y. (2018). Women's weight lifting as sport is discriminated against on grounds of gender. In: European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Tomsk Polytechn Univ, Tomsk, RUSSIA., 35: 1325-1332.
Sungurova, N., Sysoeva, N., Glamazdin, I., & Kryukovskaya, G. (2018). Internet technologies as a means of establishing informative preferences and motivational attitudes of natural sciences specialties students. 10th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN). Palma, SPAIN, 8898-8907.
Tkacheva, E. S., & Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018a). Physiological features of platelet aggregation in newborn piglets. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(5), 36-42.
Tkacheva, E. S., & Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018b). Physiological aspects of platelet aggregation in piglets of milk nutrition. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(5), 74-80.
Tkacheva, E. S., & Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018c). Physiology of platelet hemostasis in piglets during the phase of newborns. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(5), 1912-1918.
Vasiliev, A. S., Vasiliev, N. N., Shentsov, A. N., & Erokhina, N. N. (2015). Teaching students to swim at physical education lessons and the health-improving effect of swimming on health. Modern issues of theory and practice of teaching at the university, 18, 182-189.
Vorobyeva, N. V., Mal, G. S., Skripleva, E. V., Skriplev, A. V., & Skoblikova, T. V. (2018a). The combined impact of amlodipin and regular physical exercises on platelet and inflammatory markers in patients with arterial hypertension. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Sciences, 9(4), 1186-1192.
Vorobyeva, N. V., Mal, G. S., Tkacheva, E. S., Fayzullina, I. I., & Lazurina, L. P. (2020). Endothelial functions in people with high normal blood pressure experiencing regular exercise. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(2), 451-455.
Vorobyeva, N. V., Mal, G. S., Zavalishina, S. Y., Glagoleva, T. I., & Fayzullina, I. I. (2018c). Influence of physical exercise on the activity of brain processes. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Sciences, 9(6), 240-244.
Vorobyeva, N. V., Skripleva, E. V., Makurina, O. N., & Mal, G. S. (2018b). Physiological reaction of the ability of erythrocytes to aggregate to cessation of prolonged hypodynamia. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(2), 389-395.
Yakub, I. Y., & Motorykina, A. A. (2018). Swimming and swimming test results. Science Symbol: International Scientific Journal, 1-2, 166-170.
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018a). Functional activity of vascular hemostasis in newborn calves with iron deficiency. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(6), 1490-1496.
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018b). Physiological features of primary hemostasis in newborns calves with functional digestive disorders. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(6), 1514-1520.
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018c). Functional features of hemostasis in calves of dairy and vegetable nutrition. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(6), 1544-1550.
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2018d). Functional activity of primary hemostasis in calves during the first year of life. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(6), 1575-1581.
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2020a). Functional activity of the cardiorespiratory system and the general level of physical capabilities against the background of regular physical exertion. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(4), 2327-2331. doi:10.21786/bbrc/13.4/105
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2020b). Functional features of hemostasis in weakened newborn calves treated with aminosol. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(3), 1251-1256. doi:10.21786/bbrc/13.3/41
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2020c). Physiological characteristics of cattle of different ages. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Biological Technologies in Agriculture: from Molecules to Ecosystems, 548(4), 042066. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/548/4/042066
Zavalishina, S. Y. (2020d). Functional properties of platelets in piglets when changing methods of nutrition. BIO Web Conf. International Scientific-Practical Conference “Agriculture and Food Security: Technology, Innovation, Markets, Human Resources” (FIES 2019). 17, 00171. Published online: 28 February 2020. doi:10.1051/bioconf/20201700171
Zavalishina, S. Y., Bakulina, E. D., Eremin, M. V., Kumantsova, E. S., Dorontsev, A. V., & Petina, E. S. (2021b). Functional changes in the human body in the model of acute respiratory infection. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(1), 22-26. doi:10.51847/F8mofsugnZ
Zavalishina, S. Y., Karpov, V. Y., Rysakova, O. G., Rodionov, I. A., Pryanikova, N. G., & Shulgin, A. M. (2021a). Physiological reaction of the body of students to regular physical activity. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(2), 44-47. doi:10.51847/ERJ8YmdKPC
Zavalishina, S. Y., Karpov, V. Y., Zagorodnikova, A. Y., Ryazantsev, A. A., Alikhojin, R. R., & Voronova, N. N. (2021c). Functional mechanisms for maintaining posture in humans during ontogenesis. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 12(1), 36-39. doi:10.51847/5LNdtyTcdH
Zavalishina, S., Makurina, O. N., Vorobyeva, N. V., Mal, G. S., & Glagoleva, T. I. (2018). Physiological features of surface properties of the erythrocyte membrane in newborn piglets. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 9(4), 34-38.
