2020 Volume 11 Issue 3

Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract potentiates remedy to pregnancy-induced hypertension

 

Kayode Dasofunjo, Atamgba A. Asuk*


Abstract

This research investigated the effect of Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract on maternal and offspring lipid profiles following acetaminophen-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-five pregnant rats (180-200 g) were assigned based on their body weight to groups I-V and treated thus: animals in groups II-V were orally administered 200 mg/kg b.w acetaminophen, 200 mg/kg b.w. P. thonningii, 100 mg/kg b.w. P. thonningii +200 mg/kg b.w. acetaminophen, and 200 mg/kg P.thonningii + 200 mg/kg b.w. acetaminophen, respectively, while group I served as the control. Lipid profile assay was performed after 28 days of animal experimentation. We observed that the maternal triglyceride (TG) and HDL concentrations of group II were significantly (P<0.001) higher and lower respectively than the control and test groups, while the TG and HDL of group II offspring were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control and group V and lower (P<0.01) than control and test groups, respectively. The maternal total cholesterol (TC) concentration of group II was significantly reduced to normal in groups IV (P<0.001) and V (P<0.01) and for LDL of groups IV (P<0.001) and V (P<0.05). The TC of group II offspring was significantly reduced in groups IV (P<0.05) and V (P<0.001) of the offspring but LDL was not altered. This report revealed that P. thonningii leaf extract reverses acetaminophen-induced toxicity in pregnancy, which is reflected in dyslipidemia vis-à-vis pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Hence, P. thonningii leaf extract possesses the potential to reverse PIH and related effects on offspring with a possible reduction in the risk of preeclampsia.

Keywords: Acetaminophen; Dams; Maternal; Prenatal; Preeclampsia; lipid profile.


Introduction

The use of medicinal plants is among the oldest and most varied of all therapeutic systems as an essential component of the African health care system (Mahomoodally, 2013; Ahmad, et al., 2018). Traditional healers prescribing medicinal plants are the most inexpensive and readily accessible health resources available to the world’s people in many parts of rural Africa and often the only surviving therapy (Ukwuani et al., 2012; Benzineb, et al., 2018).

Cardiovascular diseases and related disorders are a major cause of mortality in both men and women worldwide (Omole and Ighodaro, 2012; Gao et al., 2019); commonly characterized by high levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum. Elevated total cholesterol and more importantly LDL cholesterol within the serum are implicated within the etiology of cardiovascular diseases and are seen as primary risk factors (Omole and Ighodaro, 2012). Also, high levels of lipids in the blood have been associated with hypertension and lipid peroxidation (Moriel et al., 2000). Though orthodox medicine is acceptable and preferred, it is highly trusted in traditional medicine (Gurib-Fakim and Mahomoodally, 2013). Traditional medicine is common in developing countries where the cost of orthodox medicine is astronomical and unaffordable to a large number of people. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 80% of folks in developing countries depend mainly on traditional medicine for their primary health care (Ekor, 2014; Almaiman, and Al Wutayd, 2019).

Some commonly consumed herbs lower blood lipids (Ighodaro and Omole, 2012; Rouhi-Boroujeni et al., 2015; Farhan, 2018). Preliminary phytochemical research on Piliostigma thonningii revealed high levels of flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, and cholesterol-lowering effect (Dasofunjo et al., 2013). This plant has also been reported to exhibit antioxidative, hematopoietic, and hepatoprotective roles among others (Dasofunjo et al., 2016). Therefore, this research aimed at assessing the effect of Piliostigma thonningii on the serum lipid profile of maternal and offspring rats following acetaminophen-induced toxicity. 

Materials and Methods

Plant material

Fresh P. thonningii leaves were obtained from Igoli/Okuku road, Cross River State, Nigeria. Identification and authentication were performed at the Federal College of Forestry Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, with the voucher number #25.

Experimental animals

Twenty-five (25) virgin female Wister rats were obtained from the animal holding unit, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Okuku Campus, acclimated for 7 days and housed in wooden cages. The animal room was well ventilated and kept at relative humidity and room temperature of 70% and 27 ± 2°C, respectively, with a 12-h natural light-dark cycle. They were allowed free access to standard feed and water with the maintenance of good hygiene through constant cleaning and removal of feces as well as spilled feeds from cages daily. The animals were subcutaneously injected with 0.1mg/kg bodyweight of diethylstilbestrol in 0.5 mL olive oil to ensure the female rats were in estrous. Mature male rats were introduced in the ratio of 1:3 until they were confirmed pregnant.

Preparation of ethanol extract of Piliostigma thonningii leaves

The P. thonningii leaves were collected and dried in air for 14 days to obtain the constant weight. The dried leaves were then pulverized, after which 300 g was extracted in 1000-mL ethanol for 72 h with constant shaking using an electric shaker. It was later filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrates were then concentrated in a water bath at 45°C. The resulting slurry was weighed and reconstituted in maize oil to administer the required dose.

Animal Grouping and Extract Administration

Twenty-five pregnant female albino rats were chosen according to body weight and placed in wooden cages labeled A-E. Group A served as control and groups B to E were test groups. The animals in group A were orally administered with distilled water. Groups B to E was administered with 200mg/kg bodyweight of acetaminophen, 200 mg/kg body weight of P. thonningii extract, 200 mg/kg body weight of acetaminophen + 100mg/kg b.w. P. thonningii extract, 200 mg/kg body weight of acetaminophen + 200mg/kg b.w. P. thonningii extract, respectively. All experimental groups used maize oil as the vehicle. The oral administration was performed for 28 days till parturition (i.e till they gave birth). The offspring were carefully separated and cared until they were weaned on day 21. After 24 h, a cardiac puncture procedure was used to sacrifice the animals in each group. The animals were handled humanely under the guidelines of the European Convention for protecting vertebrate animals and other scientific purposes (2005). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Animal Research Ethical Committee of the Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria (approval number FBMS/CRUTECH/12/021).

Blood Sample Collection

Cardiac puncture procedure was used to collect blood from the test rats and control using disposable syringes and needle to draw blood into plane tubes for the determination of lipid profile.

Statistical analysis

Data obtained from the experiment were statistically analyzed using graph pad prism 5.0 software and presented in tables. A statistically significant difference was taken at p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001.

Results

The results of the lipid profile of maternal and offspring rats on prenatal administration of P. thonningii following acetaminophen-induced toxicity are presented here. The maternal lipid profile is given in Table 1 while that of offspring in Table 2.

We observed that the maternal triglyceride (TG) concentration of acetaminophen only (Ac) group was significantly (P<0.001) higher than the control, P. thonningii only (PT), acetaminophen plus P. thonningii low dose (Ac + PT LD), and acetaminophen plus P. thonningii high dose (Ac + PT HD). Conversely, the TG of the test groups was significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with the control. Maternal total cholesterol (TC) concentration of acetaminophen only group was significantly greater than control (P<0.01), PT (P<0.01), Ac + PT LD (P<0.001), and Ac + PT HD (P<0.01)

We observed that the maternal high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration of acetaminophen only (Ac) group was significantly (P< 0.001) lower than control, Ac + PT LD, Ac + PT HD but for PT (P<0.01). Maternal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) of Ac was significantly greater than control (P<0.01), PT (P<0.01), Ac + PT LD (P<0.001), and Ac + PT HD (P<0.05).

Furthermore, it was observed that offspring triglycerides (TG) of Ac were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control, PT, and Ac + PT HD. The total cholesterol (TC) of the offspring was significantly greater than the control (P<0.01), PT (P<0.001), A+PT LD (P<0.05), and Ac + PT HD (P<0.001). The offspring HDL concentration of Ac was significantly different from the control (P<0.01), PT (P<0.001), Ac + PT LD (P<0.01), and Ac + PT HD (P<0.01). The offspring LDL of all groups showed no significant (P>0.05) difference between each other.

 

Table 1. Effect of P. thonningii extract on serum lipid profile of pregnant rats following acetaminophen-induced toxicity

Group

Parameters

I (Control)

II (Ac)

III (PT)

IV (Ac + PT LD)

V (Ac + PT HD)

TG (mg/dl)

85.00 ± 6.13

143.3 ± 8.65aaa

67.00 ± 3. 44aabbb

72.75± 4. 57abbb

72.00 ± 4.04abbb

TC (mg/dl)

125.30 ± 4.11

139.3 ± 2.99 aa

125.00 ± 2.16 bb

117.8 ± 3.38 bbb

127.80 ± 1.71 bb

HDL (mg/dl)

57.25 ± 2.21

35.75 ± 3.30 aaa

51.75 ± 3.86 bb

63.75 ± 4.35 bbb

58.75 ± 3.46 bbb

LDL (mg/dl)

56.25 ± 4.50

68.75 ± 3.50aa

55.75 ± 1.71bb

50.50 ± 3.11bbb

59.25 ± 3.63b

Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5);

Superscript (a) represents significantly different from control

Superscript (b) represents significantly different from Acetaminophen only

One superscript represents a significant difference at p<0.05

Two similar superscripts represent significant difference at p<0.01

Three similar superscripts represent significant difference at p<0.001

Legend: Ac, Acetaminophen; PT, Piliostigma thonningii; LD, Low dose; HD, High dose

 

Table 2. Impact of P. thonningii extract on serum lipid profile of offspring rats following acetaminophen-induced toxicity in mother rats.

Group

Parameters

I (Control)

II (Ac)

III (PT)

IV (Ac + PT LD)

V (Ac + PT HD)

TG (mg/dl)

50.50 ± 3.70

59.25 ± 2.69a

50.50 ± 2.38b

55.25 ± 2.75

52.75 ± 2.50b

TC (mg/dl)

136.0 ± 3.16

149.5 ± 2.65aa

133.8 ± 2.99bbb

144.0 ± 2.68a

132.0 ± 3.65bbb

HDL (mg/dl)

52.50 ± 4.05

43.50 ± 2.65aa

60.00 ± 3.56bbb

54.25 ± 3.30bb

54.75 ± 2.50bb

LDL (mg/dl)

46.00 ± 1.83

44.25 ± 3.35

44.25 ± 3.35

43.50 ± 3.416

45.50 ± 2.08

Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 5);

Superscript (a) represents significantly different from control

Superscript (b) represents significantly different from Acetaminophen only

One superscript represents a significant difference at p<0.05

Two similar superscripts represent significant difference at p<0.01

Three similar superscripts represent significant difference at p<0.001

Legend: Ac, Acetaminophen; PT, Piliostigma thonningii; LD, Low dose; HD, High dose

 

Discussion

The establishment of pregnancy requires a receptive uterus able to respond to various molecular and biochemical signals produced by the developing conceptus, and also specific interactions between the extra-embryonic membranes and the uterine endometrium (Dasofunjo et al., 2018). It has been reported that pregnancy not only requires the use of more metabolic fuels but also causes hormonal imbalance, which affects the lipid profile (Mankuta et al., 2010; Pusukuru et al., 2016).

Changes in the lipid profile of lipids such as TC, HDL–C, LDL–C, and TG hold relevant information on cardiovascular health and related diseases (Gao et al., 2019).

Hypertension is high blood pressure. The ratio of systolic BP (the pressure the blood exerts on the arterial wall when the heart contracts) and diastolic BP (the pressure when the heart relaxes) is often expressed as blood pressure (BP). A systolic pressure of 70 - 90 mmHg and diastolic of 120-140mmHg are still considered normal depending on one's activity (Oparil et al., 2018). The alteration, therefore, of either systolic or diastolic pressure or both above this range is considered hypertension. Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor that can be avoided (including coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral artery disease), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cognitive decline, and is the world's leading contributor to all-cause death and disability (Oparil et al., 2018).

Hypertension is a prominent preventable cause of premature mortality and morbidity worldwide (Saiz et al., 2017). It is a key independent risk factor for high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (Gao et al., 2016). Hence, there is a need to pay urgent attention to the causes of hypertension and address them. Hypertension occurs during pregnancy as pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), which is a new hypertension that appears at ≥20 weeks of gestational age with or without proteinuria (Berhe et al., 2020). PIH is a significant Global public threat in both developing and developed countries contributing to high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality (Berhe et al., 2020).

A relationship exists between hypertension and dyslipidemia, which is associated with increased serum levels of TC, TG, LDL, and decreased levels of HDL (Adamu et al., 2013). The risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with hypertension coexisting with dyslipidemia is more multiplicative than the sum of the individual risk factors (Adamu et al., 2013). It has been reported that maternal lipid profile in the second trimester is an excellent non-invasive test that can be utilized to predict PIH before its clinical onset (Yadav et al., 2014).  Murmu and Dwivedi (2020), further stressed and reported that the serum lipid profile and beta-hCG are useful indicators to identify women who are to develop PIH, preeclampsia, or eclampsia in the 2nd trimester. The TG, TC, LDL, and VLDL of women who developed PIH were found to be significantly higher than normotensive women (Yadav et al., 2014). Our present results recorded a similar outcome corroborated this report. 

Acetaminophen or paracetamol is the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug worldwide, with a long record of use in chronic and acute pain (McCrae et al., 2018). McCrae et al. (2018), reported that prolonged use of acetaminophen causes hypertension and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Acetaminophen, a prostaglandin G2 synthase inhibitor presents an increased risk of preeclampsia in the third trimester, which is further increased among women with early preeclampsia (Rebordosa et al., 2010). Acetaminophen was used in this work to induce hypertension in pregnancy (PIH). Acetaminophen and NSAIDs can cross the placenta into the fetal circulation and consequently affect fetal development (Hurtado-Gonzalez et al., 2018). The relationship between acetaminophen and lipid profile is similar to that of hypertension or PIH and lipid profile. A report by Madi Almajwal and Farouk Elsadek (2015) revealed that TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL significantly increase with a concomitant decrease in HDL on the administration of 750 mg/kg BW of acetaminophen (paracetamol). A similar result was obtained from our research even though 200 mg/kg body weight of acetaminophen was used.

The administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of P. thonningii (considered as a low dose) and 200 mg/kg body weight (considered as high dose) to pregnant rats administered acetaminophen reversed the effect of dyslipidemia of acetaminophen in maternal rats as the TC, TG, and LDL were significantly decreased with a concomitant increase in HDL. Acetaminophen did not affect the LDL of the offspring rats but caused a significant upward change in TC and TG and downward change in HDL, while the reverse was the case on the addition of P. thonningii extract at both high and low doses. It was inferred that since the extracts reversed dyslipidemia from acetaminophen, and acetaminophen induces hypertension in pregnancy, which on the other is predicted by dyslipidemia, therefore, P. thonninigii exhibits the potential to normalize blood pressure during pregnancy, thereby treat pregnancy-induced hypertension and prevent associated effects such as maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.    

Conclusion

This research showed that the extract of P. thonningii leaf reverses acetaminophen-induced toxicity in pregnancy, which is reflected in dyslipidemia vis-à-vis pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Hence, P. thonningii leaf extract possesses the potential to reverse PIH and related effects in the offspring.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this study wish to appreciate the technical assistance of Mr Obogo, Ezekiel of the Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Okuku Campus, Nigeria.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

References

Adamu, U. G., Okuku, G. A., Oladele, C. O., Abdullahi, A., Oduh, J. I., & Fasae, A. J. (2013). Serum lipid profile and correlates in newly presenting Nigerians with arterial hypertension. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 9, 763–768. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S50690

Ahmad, M. S., Shawky, A., Ghobashy, M. O., & Felifel, R. H. A. (2018). Effect of Some medicinal plants on life cycle of Citrus Brown Mites (Eutetranychusorientalis). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences7(4), 13-17.

Almaiman, A., & Al Wutayd, O. (2019). Assessment of the Side Effects of Random Weight-loss Diet Programs (protein-based) on Health in a Saudi Community. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research9(6), 39-46.

Benzineb, E., Kambouche, N., Hamiani, A., Bellahouel, S., Zitouni, H., & Toumi, H. Phenolics Compounds and Biological Activity of Leaves of Anabasis Articulata, an Algerian Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 8(4),1-5.

Berhe, A. K., Ilesanmi, A. O., Aimakhu, C. O., & Bezabih, A. M. (2020). Awareness of pregnancy induced hypertension among pregnant women in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. The Pan African Medical Journal, 35, 71. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.35.71.19351

Dasofunjo, K., Asuk, A.A., Ezugwu, H.C., Nwodo, O.F.C., & Olatunji, T.L. (2013). The         aphrodisiac effect of Piliostigma thonningii leaf on male Wistar albino rats. Journal of          Applied    Pharmaceutical Science, 3(10), 130-        135.

Dasofunjo, K., Asuk, A.A., Okwari, O.O., & Oli, M. (2016). Haematological and kidney function indices of Piliostigma thonningii leaf extract administration following pefloxacin induced toxicity in Wistar rats. British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 16(11), 1-8

Dasofunjo, K., Jeje, S.O., Ezugwu, H.C., Atunka, E.A., Onah, I.N., Atteh, J.A. (2018). Maternal alterations on lipid profile and free radical scavenging activity of ethanol leaf extract of Piliostigma thonningii on pregnant Wistar albino Rats. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 12 (6), 45-52

Ekor M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177

European Treaty Series-No. 123. (2005). Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. Council of Europe, Strasbourg.

Farhan, Y. M. (2018). Medical assistants' knowledge about preparation and administration of intravenous admixtures in the teaching hospitals of Alanbar governorate. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research8(5), 31-34.

Gao, F., Liu, X., Wang, X., Chen, S., Shi, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, S., & Cai, J. (2016). Changes in Cardiovascular Health Status and the Risk of New-Onset Hypertension in Kailuan Cohort Study. PloS one11(7), e0158869. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158869

Gao, Z., Chen, Z., Sun, A., & Deng, X. (2019). Gender differences in cardiovascular disease. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices, 4 (2019), 100025. https://doi:10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025.    

Gurib-Fakim, A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2013). African flora as potential sources of medicinal plants: towards the chemotherapy of major parasitic and other infectious diseases- a review, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences,6(2) :77–84.

Hurtado-Gonzalez, P., Anderson, R. A., Macdonald, J., van den Driesche, S., Kilcoyne, K., Jørgensen, A., McKinnell, C., Macpherson, S., Sharpe, R. M., & Mitchell, R. T. (2018). Effects of Exposure to Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen on Fetal Germ Cell Development in Both Sexes in Rodent and Human Using Multiple Experimental Systems. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(4), 047006. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2307

Ighodaro, O. M., & Omole, J. O. (2012). Effects of Nigerian Piliostigma thonningii Species Leaf Extract on Lipid Profile in Wistar Rats. ISRN Pharmacology, 2012, 387942. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/387942

Madi Almajwal, A., & Farouk Elsadek, M. (2015). Lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective effects of Vitis vinifera dried seeds on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Nutrition Research and Practice, 9(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2015.9.1.37

Mahomoodally M. F. (2013). Traditional medicines in Africa: an appraisal of ten potent african medicinal plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2013, 617459. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/617459

Mankuta, D., Elami-Suzin, M., Elhayani, A., & Vinker, S. (2010). Lipid profile in consecutive pregnancies. Lipids in Health and Disease, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-58

McCrae, J. C., Morrison, E. E., MacIntyre, I. M., Dear, J. W., & Webb, D. J. (2018). Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol - a review. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 84(10), 2218–2230. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13656

Moriel, P., Plavnik, F. L., Zanella, M. T., Bertolami, M. C., & Abdalla, D. S. (2000). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. Biological Research, 33 (2): 105 -112

Murmu, S., & Dwivedi, J. (2020). Second-Trimester Maternal Serum Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Lipid Profile as a Predictor of Gestational Hypertension, Preeclampsia, and Eclampsia: A Prospective Observational Study. International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research, 10(1), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijabmr.IJABMR_271_19

Omole, J. O., & Ighodaro, O. M. (2012). Comparative studies of the effects of egg yolk, oats, apple, and wheat bran on serum lipid profile of wistar rats. ISRN Nutrition, 2013, 730479. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/730479

Oparil, S., Acelajado, M. C., Bakris, G. L., Berlowitz, D. R., Cífková, R., Dominiczak, A. F., Grassi, G., Jordan, J., Poulter, N. R., Rodgers, A., & Whelton, P. K. (2018). Hypertension. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers, 4, 18014. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.14

Pusukuru, R., Shenoi, A. S., Kyada, P. K., Ghodke, B., Mehta, V., Bhuta, K., & Bhatia, A. (2016). Evaluation of Lipid Profile in Second and Third Trimester of Pregnancy. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 10(3), QC12–QC16. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/17598.7436

Rebordosa, C., Zelop, C. M., Kogevinas, M., Sorenson, H. T., & Olsen, J. (2010). Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia, hypertensive and vascular disorders: a birth cohort study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 23 (5), 317-378.

Rouhi-Boroujeni, H., Rouhi-Boroujeni, H., Heidarian, E., Mohammadizadeh, F., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2015). Herbs with anti-lipid effects and their interactions with statins as a chemical anti- hyperlipidemia group drugs: A systematic review. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 11(4), 244–251.

Saiz, L. C., Gorricho, J., Garjón, J., Celaya, M. C., Muruzábal, L., Malón, M., Montoya, R., & López, A. (2017). Blood pressure targets for the treatment of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews10(10), CD010315. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010315.pub2

Ukwuani, A.N., Ihebunna, O., Samuel, R.M., & Peni, I.J. (2012). Acute oral toxicity and anti-ulcer activity of Piliostigma thonningii leaf fraction in albino rats. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 2(1), 41-45.

Yadav, K., Aggarwal, S., & Verma, K. (2014). Serum βhCG and Lipid Profile in Early Second Trimester as Predictors of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 64(3), 169–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-013-0490-3

INDEXING
SCIRUS, BiologyBrowser, Chemical Abstracts, CABI, Intute catalogue, Science Central, EBSCOhost databases, Genamics JournalSeek, Open J gate, Ulrich's, Academic Journals Database, CASSI, CiteFactor, and many other international scientific databases.

JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Journal of Biochemical Technology is a double-blind peer reviewed International Journal published by the Deniz Publication on behalf of the Biochemical Technology Society, a Registered Charity Organization from India

AREA OF INTEREST
AREA OF INTEREST
new advances in enzymatic and protein mechanims; applied molecular genetics and biotechnology; genomics and proteomics; metabolic; medical, environmental, food and agro biotechnology.

FOCUS AND SCOPE
FOCUS AND SCOPE
Journal Of Biochemical Technology Provides A Medium For The Rapid Publication Of Full-Length Articles, Mini-Reviews Of New And Emerging Products And Short Communications On All Aspects Of ...

Publish with us


Deniz Publication
Guzelyali Mah. Sahilyolu Cad.Defne Sok. No: 7, 34903 Pendik, Istanbul

Publishing steps

1.Prepare
your paper
2.Submit
and revise
3.Track
your research
4.Share
and promote
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Keywords include, Biochemical Research: Endo/exocytosis, Trafficking, Membrane Biology, Cell Migration, Cell-Matrix Organelle Biogenesis, Cytoskeleton Proteolysis, Cell Death, Cell Cycle, Cancer, Cell Growth/Death, Differentiation, Drug Targets, Gene Therapy, Models of Disease, Proteomics, Stem Cells, Bioenergetics, Mitochondria, Free Radicals, Redox Signaling, Ion Transport/Channels, Oxidative